The enneagram figure is usually composed of three parts a circle, an inner triangle (connecting 3-6-9) and an irregular hexagonal "periodic figure" (connecting 1-4-2-8-5-7). Numerous other authors also began publishing widely read books on the Enneagram of Personality in the 1980s and 1990s, including Don Richard Riso (1987), Helen Palmer (1988), Eli Jaxon-Bear (1989), Elizabeth Wagele (1994), and Richard Rohr (1995). Among Naranjo's early students there are also differing understandings of Enneagram theory. Ichazo disowned Naranjo and the other teachers on what he felt were misinterpretations and uses of the Enneagram. He then began developing and teaching his own understanding of the Enneagram in the United States in the early 1970s, influencing others including some Jesuit priests who adapted the Enneagram for use in Christian spirituality. Ĭlaudio Naranjo (1932–2019) was a Chilean-born psychiatrist who first learned about the Enneagram of Personality from Ichazo at a course in Arica, Chile. Ichazo founded the Arica Institute which was originally based in Chile before moving to the United States and coined the term "Enneagram of Personality". His teaching, which he calls " Protoanalysis", uses the enneagram figure among many other symbols and ideas. The Bolivian-born Ichazo began teaching programs of self-development in the 1950s. Oscar Ichazo (1931–2020) is generally recognized as the principal source of the contemporary Enneagram of Personality which is largely derived from some of Ichazo's teachings, such as those on ego-fixations, holy ideas, passions and virtues. He did not, however, develop the nine personality types associated with the Enneagram of Personality. Gurdjieff (died 1949) is credited with making the word enneagram and the enneagram figure commonly known (see Fourth Way enneagram). Evagrius wrote, "The first thought of all is that of love of self ( philautia) after this, the eight." In addition to identifying eight deadly thoughts, Evagrius also identified eight "remedies" to these thoughts.
TEST DEL ENEAGRAMA PLUS
Evagrius identified eight logismoi ("deadly thoughts") plus an overarching thought he called "love of self". Wiltse and Palmer have suggested that similar ideas to the Enneagram of Personality are found in the work of Evagrius Ponticus, a Christian mystic who lived in 4th-century Alexandria. The origins and historical development of the Enneagram of Personality are matters of dispute. Though the Enneagram integrates concepts generally accepted in a theory of personality, it has been dismissed by some personality assessment experts as "pseudoscientific at best". There has been limited formal psychometric analysis of the Enneagram and the peer-reviewed research that has been done has not been widely accepted within the relevant academic communities. Both contexts say it can aid in self-awareness, self-understanding, and self-development. In business contexts it is generally used as a typology to gain insights into workplace interpersonal dynamics in spirituality it is more commonly presented as a path to higher states of being, essence, and enlightenment. The Enneagram of Personality has been widely promoted in both business management and spirituality contexts through seminars, conferences, books, magazines, and DVDs. There are some different schools of thought among Enneagram teachers and their understandings are not always in agreement. Naranjo's theories were also influenced by some earlier teachings about personality by George Gurdjieff and the Fourth Way tradition.Īs a typology, the Enneagram defines nine personality types (sometimes called "enneatypes"), which are represented by the points of a geometric figure called an enneagram, which indicate connections between the types. Although the origins and history of many of the ideas and theories associated with the Enneagram of Personality are a matter of dispute, contemporary Enneagram theories are principally derived from the teachings of the Bolivian psycho-spiritual teacher Oscar Ichazo from the 1950s and the Chilean psychiatrist Claudio Naranjo from the 1970s. The Enneagram of Personality, or simply the Enneagram (from the Greek words ἐννέα and γράμμα ]), is a model of the human psyche which is principally understood and taught as a typology of nine interconnected personality types.